Protective Factors, Risk of Violence and Discrimination and Mental Health Indicators of Young LGB People.

Lesbian, gay and bisexual (LGB) people have more risk of suffering from violence and situations of discrimination than heterosexual people. The current study compares LGB people with heterosexual people in protective factors, violence, health and well-being factors. The sample comprises 609 Spanish people between 14 and 25 years old. We established a cross-sectional design. A survey including questions about sociodemographic information and protective, violence and health and well-being factors was designed ad hoc for this study. The results show that the LGB group (n = 342) is more at risk of verbal and physical violence and feels more isolated than the heterosexual participants (n = 267). In contrast, heterosexual participants report having more employment discrimination. No significant differences were found in social support or psychological health. These results are important to understand the state of social normalization and non-discrimination for LGB people in certain contexts in Spain, and its impact on psychological health.

The role of individual variables as antecedents of entrepreneurship processes: Emotional intelligence and self-efficacy.

Currently, entrepreneurship is a priority for economic, social, and technological growth. Therefore, the interest in understanding entrepreneurship processes has increased significantly. Individual variables play a fundamental role, and academic research has pointed out the influence of emotional intelligence in entrepreneurial processes; however, its relationship with other interpersonal processes and individual variables, such as personality and self-efficacy, has not been extensively studied. The aim of this research was to analyze the relationship among emotional intelligence, self-efficacy, and entrepreneurial intention, controlling for the effects of personality, gender, and age. Multiple hierarchical regression analyses were applied through a questionnaire survey of 1,593 college students to test the relationship between the constructs in the model. The results show that the personality traits are associated with entrepreneurial self-efficacy, emotional intelligence positively influences entrepreneurial intention, and self-efficacy mediates the relationship between emotional intelligence and entrepreneurial intention. Practical implications for training programs are examined, and future lines of research were discussed.

Influence of the CoViD-19 Pandemic on Mental Workload and Burnout of Fashion Retailing Workers in Spain.

This study analyzed the levels of mental workload and the presence of burnout on a sample of fashion retailing workers from Spain and its relationship with the current CoViD-19 (Coronavirus disease-19) pandemic. We established a cross-sectional design. Participants (n = 360) answered an online survey including questions about sociodemographic data, perception of CoViD-19, CarMen-Q questionnaire (workload), and MBI (burnout syndrome). The survey campaign took place in October and November 2020. The results showed that participants exhibited deep concern about the CoViD-19 pandemic and its influence in the workplace. Although the mental workload was near the middle point of the scale, participants showed moderate to high burnout levels, revealing that the sample was at risk of experiencing higher burnout levels over time as the pandemic and associated economic crisis continued. The multiple regression analysis results indicated that environmental changes, work overload, somatic symptoms, insomnia, negative job expectations, and uncertainty constituted significant mental workload predictors. Insomnia, somatic symptoms, and negative job expectations constituted significant predictors for burnout. Differences between job positions and genders in mental workload and burnout were found. In conclusion, the uncertainty at work derived from the CoViD-19 pandemic harms fashion retailing workers' psychological well-being in Spain.

Trait-anxiety and job psychosocial conditions as determinants of mental health in nursing / La ansiedad rasgo y las condiciones psicosociales del trabajo como determinantes de la salud mental en la enfermería

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Job stress can have important consequences on the physical, mental or social health of the workers. A considerable number of studies have shown that the nursing community is especially vulnerable to suffering stress due to their work characteristics. The purpose of this research was to determine the relationship between perception of psychosocial risk factors at work, trait-anxiety and mental health in nursing. METHOD: Two hundred and ten nurses from various public hospitals in Madrid Province have participated in this study. The perception of psychosocial risk factors was evaluated with DECORE and NASA-TLX questionnaires, trait-anxiety was measured by STAI questionnaire and mental health by GHQ-28 questionnaire. RESULTS: The results of the multiple regression analysis revealed that trait-anxiety was the variable most related to mental health. To explore the isolated association between working conditions and nurses' mental health, partial correlations controlling the nurses' trait-anxiety level were calculated and significant correlations were found between mental health and some psychosocial risk factors like organizational support, cognitive and temporal demands and control/autonomy at work. CONCLUSION: Trait-anxiety influences the relations between working conditions and nurse's mental health, but regardless of the trait-anxiety level of nurses, the adverse psychosocial conditions of the workplace are directly associated with poorer mental health

ANTECEDENTES: El estrés experimentado en el ámbito laboral puede tener importantes consecuencias para la salud tanto física como mental y/o social de los trabajadores. Un número considerable de investigaciones han demostrado que el colectivo de enfermería es especialmente vulnerable al estrés debido a las características particulares de su labor. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar las relaciones entre la percepción de riesgos psicosociales, la ansiedad rasgo y la salud mental en profesionales de la enfermería. MÉTODO: En este estudio han participado 210 profesionales de enfermería de varios hospitales de la Comunidad Autónoma de Madrid. La percepción de los factores psicosociales de riesgo se ha evaluado mediante los cuestionarios DECORE y NASA/TLX, el nivel de ansiedad rasgo se ha valorado con el cuestionario STAI y la salud mental, con el cuestionario GHQ-28. RESULTADOS: El resultado del análisis de regresión múltiple ha revelado que la variable con mayor correlación con la salud mental fue la ansiedad rasgo. Para evaluar la relación, independientemente de la ansiedad rasgo, entre las condiciones laborales y la salud mental de las/los enfermeras/os, se calcularon las correlaciones parciales, controlando el nivel de ansiedad rasgo, y se encontraron correlaciones significativas y positivas entre una peor salud mental y la mayor presencia de factores psicosociales de riesgo, tales como menor apoyo organizacional, demandas cognitivas y temporales más altas y peor nivel de control en el trabajo. CONCLUSIONES: La ansiedad rasgo influye en la relación entre las condiciones laborales y la salud mental del personal de enfermería, pero independientemente del nivel de ansiedad rasgo, las condiciones laborales adversas se relacionan de forma directa con un peor nivel de salud mental

Los hábitos de sueño como predictores de la salud psicológica en profesionales sanitarios / Sleep habits as predictors of psychological health in healthcare professionals

El objetivo de la investigación fue estudiar los hábitos de sueño y la salud psicológica de profesionales del sector sanitario, así como analizar las relaciones entre ambas variables. La muestra contó con 511 trabajadores de hospitales públicos de la Comunidad de Madrid. La salud psicológica fue evaluada con el Cuestionario GHQ-28; los hábitos de sueño a través del Cuestionario CHAS, además, se recogieron datos sociodemográficos como edad, sexo, puesto de trabajo, categoría profesional. Los resultados mostraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en síntomas somáticos, salud psicológica y estabilidad en hábitos de sueño. Los análisis de regresión indicaron que calidad del sueño y somnolencia diurna son las variables más relacionadas con las dimensiones de salud, especialmente con la ansiedad/insomnio y síntomas somáticos. Estos los resultados ponen de manifiesto las diferencias entre hábitos de sueño y salud percibida en personal de enfermería y facultativos. En conclusión, la población sanitaria presenta mayor prevalencia en malestar psicológico, peor calidad de sueño e inestabilidad en las horas de sueño. Deterioro del sueño, somnolencia y síntomas somáticos son más frecuentes en personal de enfermería que en el resto de profesionales sanitarios

The aim was to study the sleep habits and the psychological health of professionals in the health sector, as well as to analyze the relationships between both variables. The sample consisted of 511 workers from public hospitals in the Community of Madrid. Psychological health was evaluated using the GHQ-28 Questionnaire; and sleep habits with the CHAS Questionnaire. In addition, sociodemographic data were collected, such as age, sex, job position, professional category. The results showed statistically significant differences in somatic symptoms, psychological health and stability in sleep habits. Regression analysis indicated that sleep quality and daytime sleepiness are the variables most related to health dimensions, especially with anxiety/insomnia and somatic symptoms. These results reveal the differences between sleep habits and perceived health in nursing staff and physicians. Finally, the health workers present a higher prevalence of psychological distress, and poor sleep quality and instability in sleep hours. Sleep impairment, somnolence and somatic symptoms are more frequent in nursing staff than in other health professionals

Health and Well-Being of Cisgender, Transgender and Non-Binary Young People.

Young transgender and non-binary individuals (TNBI) are exposed to situations of discrimination and have a greater risk of violence. The purpose of this study is to analyze which protective, violence and health and well-being factors have more influence on TNBI compared to cisgender people. The sample comprised 856 youth between 14 and 25 years old. A survey including questions about sociodemographic information and protective, violence and health and well-being factors was designed ad hoc for this study. The results show the non-binary group received the least support from family and friends, higher risk of suffering cyberbullying, and many feel isolated and unhappy. TNBI have suffered more verbal attacks both inside and outside their school and physical attacks at school than cisgender young. These results are important because they may contribute to the promotion of public policies and clinical interventions that favor the integration of TNBI in our society.

Development of the Carmen-Q Questionnaire for mental workload assessment / Desarrollo del cuestionario CarMen-Q para evaluar la carga mental de trabajo

Background: Mental workload has emerged as one of the most important occupational risk factors present in most psychological and physical diseases caused by work. In view of the lack of specific tools to assess mental workload, the objective of this research was to assess the construct validity and reliability of a new questionnaire for mental workload assessment (CarMen-Q). Method: The sample was composed of 884 workers from several professional sectors, between 18 and 65 years old, 53.4% men and 46.6% women. To evaluate the validity based on relationships with other measures, the NASA-TLX scale was also administered. Results: Confirmatory factor analysis showed an internal structure made up of four dimensions: cognitive, temporal and emotional demands and performance requirement. The results show satisfactory evidence of validity based on relationships with NASA-TLX and good reliability. Conclusions: The questionnaire has good psychometric properties and can be an easy, brief, useful tool for mental workload diagnosis and prevention (AU)

Antecedentes: actualmente la carga mental ha surgido como uno de los factores de riesgo laboral más importantes presentes en la mayoría de las enfermedades psicológicas y físicas causadas por el trabajo. Ante la falta de herramientas específicas para evaluar la carga mental, el objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar la validez de constructo y la fiabilidad de un nuevo cuestionario (CarMen-Q) para la evaluación de la carga mental de trabajo. Método: la muestra estuvo formada por 884 trabajadores de diversos sectores profesionales, de entre 18 y 65 años de edad, de los cuales el 53,4% fueron hombres y el 46,6% mujeres. Para evaluar la validez basada en las relaciones con otras medidas también se administró la escala NASA-TLX. Resultados: el análisis factorial confirmatorio mostró una estructura interna formada por cuatro dimensiones: demandas cognitiva, temporal y emocional y requisitos de rendimiento. Se encontró evidencia satisfactoria de validez basada en las relaciones con la escala NASA-TLX y adecuados índices de fiabilidad. Conclusiones: el cuestionario tiene buenas propiedades psicométricas y es una herramienta sencilla y breve, útil para el diagnóstico y la prevención de la carga mental (AU)

Development of the CarMen-Q Questionnaire for mental workload assessment.

BACKGROUND: Mental workload has emerged as one of the most important occupational risk factors present in most psychological and physical diseases caused by work. In view of the lack of specific tools to assess mental workload, the objective of this research was to assess the construct validity and reliability of a new questionnaire for mental workload assessment (CarMen-Q). METHOD: The sample was composed of 884 workers from several professional sectors, between 18 and 65 years old, 53.4% men and 46.6% women. To evaluate the validity based on relationships with other measures, the NASA-TLX scale was also administered. RESULTS: Confirmatory factor analysis showed an internal structure made up of four dimensions: cognitive, temporal and emotional demands and performance requirement. The results show satisfactory evidence of validity based on relationships with NASA-TLX and good reliability. CONCLUSIONS: The questionnaire has good psychometric properties and can be an easy, brief, useful tool for mental workload diagnosis and prevention.

Asociación entre la percepción de condiciones laborales adversas y depresión: una revisión sistemática / Association between the perception of adverse working conditions and depressive symptomatology: A systematic review

ANTECEDENTES: La bibliografía científica ha señalado que existe relación entre la percepción adversa de los riesgos psicosociales y depresión, a pesar de ser escasos los estudios longitudinales sobre esta temática. OBJETIVO: Se realizó una revisión sistemática de investigaciones longitudinales en las que la percepción adversa de los factores de riesgo psicosocial se asociaba con depresión en el ámbito laboral. MÉTODO: Se revisaron artículos publicados entre 2011 y 2015 utilizando las bases de datos Psycinfo, Web of Knowledge y PubMed. RESULTADOS: Se obtuvieron cuatro artículos científicos de un total de 588 estudios. Percibir: altas demandas laborales, escaso control, desequilibrio entre los esfuerzos y las recompensas obtenidas, el conflicto trabajo-familia, la falta de supervisión, la inseguridad laboral, realizar horas extra, trabajar fines de semana, ocupar puestos de menor categoría y presentar menor antigüedad laboral se asociaban con depresión. CONCLUSIONES: Se considera necesario tener en cuenta estos factores para mejorar la salud laboral

BACKGROUND: The scientific literature shows that there is a relation between the perception of adverse psychosocial risk factors and depression, despite the few longitudinal studies on this topic.OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to carry out a systematic review of longitudinal studies in which the perception of adverse psychosocial working conditions was associated with depression in the organizational context. METHOD: Articles published between 2011 and 2015 were reviewed using PsycINFO, Web of Knowledge and PubMed databases. RESULTS: Out of 588 studies, only four scientific articles were obtained. Results indicate that high perception of job demands, scarce control over demands, effort-reward imbalance, perceived work-family conflict, lack of supervision, job insecurity, working overtime, working on weekends when holding positions of low occupational grade and lower professional tenure are associated with depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: These factors need to be taken into account in order to improve occupational health

Academic context and perceived mental workload of psychology students

The excessive workload of university students is an academic stressor. Consequently, it is necessary to evaluate and control the workload in education. This research applies the NASA-TLX scale, as a measure of the workload. The objectives of this study were: (a) to measure the workload levels of a sample of 367 psychology students, (b) to group students according to their positive or negative perception of academic context (AC) and c) to analyze the effects of AC on workload. To assess the perceived AC, we used an ad hoc questionnaire designed according to Demand-Control- Social Support and Effort-Reward Imbalance models. Using cluster analysis, participants were classified into two groups (positive versus negative context). The differences between groups show that a positive AC improves performance (p < .01) and reduces feelings of overload (p < .02), temporal demand (p < .02), and nervousness and frustration (p < .001). Social relationships with peers and teachers, student autonomy and result satisfaction were relevant dimensions of the AC (p < .001 in all cases) (AU)

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Academic context and perceived mental workload of psychology students.

The excessive workload of university students is an academic stressor. Consequently, it is necessary to evaluate and control the workload in education. This research applies the NASA-TLX scale, as a measure of the workload. The objectives of this study were: (a) to measure the workload levels of a sample of 367 psychology students, (b) to group students according to their positive or negative perception of academic context (AC) and c) to analyze the effects of AC on workload. To assess the perceived AC, we used an ad hoc questionnaire designed according to Demand-Control-Social Support and Effort-Reward Imbalance models. Using cluster analysis, participants were classified into two groups (positive versus negative context). The differences between groups show that a positive AC improves performance (p < .01) and reduces feelings of overload (p < .02), temporal demand (p < .02), and nervousness and frustration (p < .001). Social relationships with peers and teachers, student autonomy and result satisfaction were relevant dimensions of the AC (p < .001 in all cases).

Efectos de la carga de tarea y las capacidades cognitivas sobre el rendimiento y la carga mental subjetiva de una tarea de seguimiento / Effects of task load and cognitive abilities on performance and subjective mental workload in a tracking task

El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar los efectos del nivel de inteligencia general y del perfil aptitudinal de los individuos sobre el rendimiento y las evaluaciones subjetivas de carga mental de una tarea de seguimiento. A pesar de que la mayoría de los autores señalan que la carga mental depende tanto de las características de la tarea como de la capacidad de los individuos, la investigación dirigida a determinar la influencia real de los factores de diferencias individuales es muy escasa. En este estudio se recogieron medidas del rendimiento y de la carga mental subjetiva en una tarea de seguimiento con diferentes niveles de dificultad. Los resultados mostraron efectos significativos, simples y de interacción, de los factores de complejidad de la tarea tanto sobre el rendimiento como sobre la carga mental subjetiva. La aptitud espacial fue la que mostró un mayor efecto mediador, particularmente sobre la carga mental. Los sujetos con un mayor nivel aptitudinal registraron evaluaciones de carga mental más elevadas que los menos aptos, independientemente del instrumento utilizado para medir la carga mental. Finalmente, los sujetos más aptos alcanzaron niveles de rendimiento más altos que los menos aptos, especialmente en la condición de seguimiento más difícil (AU)

The aim of this study was to determine the effects that the level of general intelligence and the aptitude profile of individuals have on performance and subjective assessments of the mental workload involved in carrying out a tracking task. Although all authors acknowledge that mental workload depends both on the characteristics of the task and the ability of individuals to perform it, little research into the real influence of these individual difference factors has been carried out. The subjects’ performance and mental workload when carrying out a tracking task with different levels of difficulty were measured. Both simple effects and those relating to the interaction of the two task complexity factors were shown to have significant effects on performance and subjective mental load. Spatial aptitude was shown to have the greatest mediating effect, particularly on mental workload. Surprisingly, the subjects with the greatest ability reported higher mental workload assessments than those less able, irrespective of the instrument used to measure the workload. Finally, the subjects with greater ability achieved higher levels of performance than those less able, particularly in the more difficult tracking task (AU)

Análisis factorial confirmatorio del cuestionario DECORE / Confirmatory factor analysis of the DECORE questionnaire

El objetivo de este artículo es ampliar los conocimiento sobre las características psicométricas del Cuestionario DECORE (Luceños ¬ Martín, 2008), que evalúa la percepción que tienen los trabajadores sobre algunos riesgos psicosociales que la investigación ha relacionado con mala salud laboral. La muestra de trabajadores fue dividida en dos partes, una primera muestra constituida por 299 sujetos cuyos datos fueron sometidos a análisis factorial exploratorio y una segunda muestra, formada por 315 trabajadores sobre la que se realizó un análisis factorial confirmatorio. Ambos análisis, exploratorio y confirmatorio, arrojaron una estructura factorial de cuatro factores: Demandas cognitivas, Control, Recompensas y Apoyo organizacional. Los índices de consistencia interna fueron superiores a 0,78 en todas las escalas y para las dos muestras (AU)

The aim of this paper is to further analyse the psychometric characteristics of the DECORE Questionnaire (Luceño ¬ Martín, 2008) which assesses workers ´perceptions of some psychological risks that research has largely related with poor occupational health and well-being. The sample was split into two sub-groups. The first one consisted of 200 workers and data were analysed using an exploratory factor analysis; the second group consisted of 315 workers and data were analysed via a confirmatory factor analysis. Four factors were extracted from both exploratory and confirmatory analyses: Cognitive Demands, Control, Rewards and Organizational Support, Reliability index was higher than 0,78 for all four factors and in both groups (AU)

Relaciones entre precepción de riesgos psicosociales y hábitos de sueño / Relationships between perceived psychosocial risks and sleeping habits

Los hábitos de sueño y la percepción subjetiva del mismo que tienen los individuos determinan la salud y el bienestar general de las personas. Estos parámetros del sueño son modulados por las demandas laborales. Estudios previos han analizado la relación entre algunos factores psicosociales (apoyo social, apoyo organizacional, el control que tiene el trabajador sobre la demanda laboral y los niveles de ansiedad y tensión) y las características de sueño. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo analizar las relaciones existentes entre hábitos de sueño y los riesgos psicosociales que perciben los individuos en una muestra formada por 117 trabajadores. Los resultados muestran las relaciones existentes entre las variables relacionadas con los hábitos de sueño “calidad del sueño” y “somnolencia” y los riesgos psicosociales, en concreto con las variables “apoyo organizacional” “control” e “índice de desequilibrio demandas-recompensas”, “recompensas”, índice de desequilibrio demanda-control” y el “índice global de riesgo”

Sleeping habits and the subjective perception of the former determine people´s health and general well being. These sleep parameters of sleep are modulated by the job demands. Previous studies have analyzed the relationship between some psychosocial factors (social support, organizational support, control over job demands as well as anxiety and stress levels) and the characteristics of sleep. This study aims to analyze the relations existing relationships between sleeping habits and perceived psychosocial risks perceived by the subjects in a sample of 117 workers. Results show sleeping habits (sleeping quality and somnolence) and certain psychosocial risks, assessed in terms of organizational support, control and demands-rewards imbalance index, rewards, demand-control imbalance index and the overall risk indexes (AU)

La carga mental como factor de riesgo psicosocial. Diferencias por baja Laboral / Mental workload as a psychosocial risk factor. Differnces based on sick leave

La carga mental se impone como uno de los más importantes factores de riesgo psicosocial. Se define como la diferencia entre los recursos del trabajador y las demandas del trabajo. Tanto las condiciones de sobrecarga como las de infracarga mental producen problemas en el rendimiento y en la salud de los trabajadores. En este articulo se presentan los resultados de una investigación en la que se comparan las valoraciones de carga emitidas por dos grupos de trabajadores: los que durante el año anterior había sufrido alguna baja médica y los que no. La muestra total estuvo formada por 509 trabajadores, los cuales estimaron la carga mental de sus puestos de trabajo mediante el instrumento NASA-TLX. Los resultados muestran que los trabajadores que han sufrido baja médica perciben mayores niveles de carga mental en su puesto de trabajo, especialmente en cuanto a las dimensiones de esfuerzo, demanda mental y frustración (AU)

Mental workload is one of the most important psychosocial risk factors. It is defined in terms of the difference between the worker´s resources and job demands. Overload and underload conditions cause problems in workers performance and health. In this paper, the appraisal of workload is compared among two groups of workers (those who had versus those who had not suffered at least one medical problem during the previous year). The NASA-TLX instrument was administered to a sample of 509 workers in order to assess mental workload. Results show that, In general, workers who have been on sick leave perceive higher levels of mental workload, especially in terms of effort, mental demand and frustration (AU)

Estudio Psicométrico del Índice de Carga Mental NASA-TLX con una Muestra de Trabajadores Españoles / Psychometric Study of NASA-TLX Mental Workload Index in a Sample of Spanish Workers

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar las propiedades psicométricas del instrumento de evaluación de la carga mental de trabajo NASA-TLX en distintos grupos profesionales españoles. La muestra estuvo formada por 398 trabajadores que pertenecían a siete sectores profesionales diferentes. Todos los trabajadores evaluaron la carga mental percibida en sus puestos de trabajo, debida a cada una de las seis dimensiones de carga que distingue el NASA-TLX: esfuerzo, demanda mental, demanda física, demanda temporal, rendimiento y frustración. Los resultados mostraron una consistencia interna aceptable y una estructura factorial constituida por dos factores. Uno de los factores estaba formado únicamente por la dimensión “frustración”, mientras que el otro factor englobaba a las cinco dimensiones restantes. Por último, se encontraron diferencias importantes en los perfiles de carga mental entre los grupos profesionales considerados, en todas las dimensiones de carga, excepto en rendimiento(AU)

The objective of this study was to assess the psychometric properties of NASA-Task Load Index using several groups of Spanish workers. The sample consisted of 398 workers who belonged to seven different jobs. All workers assessed the perceived mental workload when perform their jobs, due to each of the six dimensions of mental workload that distinguishes the NASA-TLX: effort, mental demand, physical demand, temporal demand, performance and frustration. The results showed that NASA-Task Load Index had a acceptable internal consistency and a factorial structure formed by two components. The first of the two components was formed by all of the NASA-TLX dimensions except frustration. The second was formed only by frustration dimension. Significant differences in the profiles of mental workload experienced by workers on the basis of their jobs were found for all NASA-TLX dimensions except in performance(AU)